Entries are listed below in alphanumeric order (1-to-Z). [86] Dowding accepted that as AOC, he was responsible for the day and night defence of Britain but seemed reluctant to act quickly and his critics in the Air Staff felt that this was due to his stubborn nature. He parked the plane in a hanger. However, some tantalizing evidence points to a potential sighting in 1944. After the. When the Blitz began, the government enforced a blackout in an attempt to make targeting more difficult for German night bombers. The Ju-388 was introduced late in the war and production problems, and the deteriorating war meant that few were built and used. [41], Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage, the Luftwaffe had an unclear strategy and poor intelligence. No stand. The oil-fed fires were then injected with water from time to time; the flashes produced were similar to those of the German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben. [39], However, the Luftwaffe faced limitations. In early 1941 the Germans launched another wave of attacks, this time focusing on ports. The pilot flew along an approach beam, monitored by a ground controller. Despite two prototypes being built and tested the project would ultimately be terminated during the final stages of WW2. Much civil-defence preparation in the form of shelters was left in the hands of local authorities and many areas such as Birmingham, Coventry, Belfast and the East End of London did not have enough shelters. Response to German bombers. The Dornier Do-17 affectionately called the Flying Pencil. [34][103][104], On 14 October, the heaviest night attack to date saw 380 German bombers from Luftflotte 3 hit London. For eight months the Luftwaffe dropped bombs on London and other strategic cities across Britain. The first cross-beam alerted the bomb-aimer, who activated a bombing clock when the second cross-beam was reached. But the great bulk of the traffic went on, and Londonersthough they glanced apprehensively each morning at the list of closed stretches of line displayed at their local station, or made strange detours round back streets in the busesstill got to work. [114] The bombing disrupted rail traffic through London without destroying any of the crossings. the Blitz, (September 7, 1940-May 11, 1941), intense bombing campaign undertaken by Nazi Germany against the United Kingdom during World War II. headquarters, Toynbee hall and St. Dunstans; the American, Spanish, Japanese and Peruvian embassies and the buildings of the Times newspaper, the Associated Press of America, and the National City bank of New York; the centre court at Wimbledon, Wembley stadium, the Ring (Blackfriars); Drury Lane, the Queens and the Saville theatres; Rotten row, Lambeth walk, the Burlington arcade and Madame Tussauds. [92] The use of diversionary techniques such as fires had to be made carefully. No records exist about the intended bomb payload. When this proved impossible, he began to fear that popular feeling would turn against his regime, and he redoubled efforts to mount a similar "terror offensive" against Britain in order to produce a stalemate in which both sides would hesitate to use bombing at all. On September 7th, 1940, 300 German bombers attacked London, on the first of 57 consecutive nights of bombing. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Compared to its predecessor, the JU-390 also had a lengthened fuselage of 112 feet (34 m) to assist with its long-range capabilities. While direct attacks against civilians were ruled out as "terror bombing", the concept of attacking vital war industriesand probable heavy civilian casualties and breakdown of civilian moralewas ruled as acceptable.[17]. The first three directives in 1940 did not mention civilian populations or morale in any way. [119], British night air defences were in a poor state. [62] Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940 and a November 1940 census of London, found that about 4% of residents used the Tube and other large shelters, 9% in public surface shelters and 27% in private home shelters, implying that the remaining 60% of the city stayed at home. Although many civilians had used them for shelter during the First World War, the government in 1939 refused to allow the stations to be used as shelters so as not to interfere with commuter and troop travel and the fears that occupants might refuse to leave. 2. By the morning of September 8, 430 London residents were killed, and the Luftwaffe issued a press release in which it stated that over a thousand tons of bombs had been dropped on London within 24 hours. On 10/11 March, 240 bombers dropped 193 tons (196t) of high explosives and 46,000 incendiaries. To improve the Ju-388s performance, the plane was stripped of most of its defensive armament. Still, at Southampton, attacks were so effective morale did give way briefly with civilian authorities leading people en masse out of the city. [118] The Ministry of Home Security reported that although the damage caused was "serious" it was not "crippling" and the quays, basins, railways and equipment remained operational. The damage was considerable, and the Germans also used aerial mines. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Five main rail lines were cut in London and rolling stock damaged. 7. Nevertheless, through sheer weight of numbers, the Germans were on the brink of victory in late August 1940. Sometimes they were trying establish a blockade by destroying shipping and port facilities, sometimes they were directly attacking Fighter Command ground installations, sometimes they were targeting aircraft factories, and sometimes they were attempting to engage Fighter Command in the skies. Other units ceased using parachute flares and opted for explosive target markers. It levelled many small homes and shops in the area and resulted in the death of 32 people. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. A German bomber overshot its original target, the docks, in thick fog. Lt Ewart Sconiers was Bombardier on B-17 #41-9089 'Johnny Reb', one of the 12 B-17s participating in the first . [151] Raeder's successorKarl Dnitzwouldon the intervention of Hitlergain control of one unit (KG 40), but Gring would soon regain it. By the height of the Blitz, they were becoming more successful. Yet when compared with Luftwaffe daylight operations, there was a sharp decline in German losses to one percent. The South Hallsville School disaster prompted Londoners, especially residents of the East End, to find safer shelters, on their own if necessary. He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe's inability to damage industries sufficiently, saying, "The munitions industry cannot be interfered with effectively by air raids usually, the prescribed targets are not hit". From 7 September 1940, London was systematically bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 of the following 57 days and nights. This philosophy proved impractical, as Bomber Command lacked the technology and equipment for mass night operations, since resources were diverted to Fighter Command in the mid-1930s and it took until 1943 to catch up. [147], Hitler's interest in this strategy forced Gring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. Flag images indicative of country of origin and not necessarily the primary operator. Heinkel He P.1068.01-78. [150], Directive 23 was the only concession made by Gring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. [30] On 7 September, the Germans shifted away from the destruction of the RAF's supporting structures. In late 1943, just before the Battle of Berlin, Harris declared the power of Bomber Command would enable it to achieve "a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable". German bombers dropped 503 tons of high explosive and 30,000 incendiary bombs on the city. [12] The strategic impact on industrial cities was varied; most took from 10 to 15 days to recover from heavy raids, although Belfast and Liverpool took longer. [56] The programme favoured backyard Anderson shelters and small brick surface shelters. Moreover, bombers had four to five crewmen on board, representing a greater loss of manpower. [24] In 1940 and 1941, Gring's refusal to co-operate with the Kriegsmarine denied the entire Wehrmacht military forces of the Reich the chance to strangle British sea communications, which might have had a strategic or decisive effect in the war against the British Empire. Though each prototype might have varied slightly in specifications. [159], On 13 March, the upper Clyde port of Clydebank near Glasgow was bombed (Clydebank Blitz). [191] The total number of evacuees numbered 1.4million, including a high proportion from the poorest inner-city families. The Do-17 was used in the first three years of the war and operated in different roles in the Condor Legion. It hoped to destroy morale by destroying the enemy's factories and public utilities as well as its food stocks (by attacking shipping). Contributions rose to the 5,000 "Spitfire Funds" to build fighters and the number of work days lost to strikes in 1940 was the lowest in history. This test flight was rather promising for the future of the project. In recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. The aircraft hit a maximum speed of 459 miles per hour and easily eluded the Allied piston-engine fighters. [16], The vital industries and transport centres that would be targeted for shutdown were valid military targets. Although the weather was poor, heavy raids took place that afternoon on the London suburbs and the airfield at Farnborough. Entries are listed below in alphanumeric order (1-to-Z). Britain in WW2 . [169] In November and December 1940, the Luftwaffe flew 9,000 sorties against British targets and RAF night fighters claimed only six shot down. The HE-115 was used to drop parachute mines in British waters close to ports on the south coast and the River Thames. Junkers JU-390: The German Bomber That Almost Brought the Blitz to New York During WW2, the Germans were developing a long-range bomber to reach U.S. soil. [126] By the second month of the Blitz the defences were not performing well. German planners had to decide whether the Luftwaffe should deliver the weight of its attacks against a specific segment of British industry such as aircraft factories, or against a system of interrelated industries such as Britain's import and distribution network, or even in a blow aimed at breaking the morale of the British population. No stand. The phrase Business as usual, written in chalk on boarded-up shop windows, exemplified the British determination to keep calm and carry on as best they could. [92] In general, German bombers were likely to get through to their targets without too much difficulty. In March 1941, two raids on Plymouth and London dehoused 148,000 people. [93] A total of 348 bombers and 617 fighters took part in the attack. [179] The 10th directive in October 1940 mentioned morale by name but industrial cities were only to be targeted if weather prevented raids on oil targets.[180]. [67], Although only a small number of Londoners used the mass shelters, when journalists, celebrities and foreigners visited they became part of the Beveridge Report, part of a national debate on social and class division. [139] The first group to use these incendiaries was Kampfgruppe 100 which despatched 10 "pathfinder" He 111s. One-third of London's streets were impassable. Study now. The Children's Overseas Reception Board was organised by the government to help parents send their children overseas to four British Dominions Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (Hardback) How Hitler's Wehrmacht Crushed Operation Jubilee. Because of Hitlers demands, the aircraft was fitted with a passenger compartment in front of the aircraft made for Hitler, protected by a 12mm armor plate and 50mm bulletproof glass. The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom, in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. The A.R.P. [105], Loge continued during October. By September 1940, the Luftwaffe had lost the Battle of Britain and the German air fleets (Luftflotten) were ordered to attack London, to draw RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation. [44] This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it began. Heinkel He-111 was thought to be capable bombers, but in the Battle of Britain in 1940, the weaknesses of the He-11 proved the He-111s were to slow to outrun danger, and their gun network lacked all-around capabilities. [66] By the end of 1940 improvements had been made in the Underground and in many other large shelters. For one thing, Gring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength. When Gring decided against continuing Wever's original heavy bomber programme in 1937, the Reichsmarschall's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were, not how many engines each had. Each full production JU-390 would likely have had a similar complement of engines to the prototype JU-390-V1. The heavy and frequent bombing attacks on London and other cities was known as the 'Blitz'. The Flam 500 were about 1.8 metres long, with a diameter of 0.5 metres, containing over 150kg of flammable material - an oil incendiary mixture (30% benzine, 70% petroleum) with TNT bursting charge. It showed the extent to which Hitler mistook Allied strategy for one of morale breaking instead of one of economic warfare, with the collapse of morale as a bonus. However, the use of delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate. In many cases the daily life of the city was able to resume with delays of only hours. The payload/range capacity of the Heinkel He 177 was almost like the four-engine heavy bombers used by the Allies in the European war front. [22], While the war was being planned, Hitler never insisted upon the Luftwaffe planning a strategic bombing campaign and did not even give ample warning to the air staff that war with Britain or even Russia was a possibility. [167] The Blenheim had only a small speed advantage to overtake a German bomber in a stern-chase. So worried were the government over the sudden campaign of leaflets and posters distributed by the Communist Party in Coventry and London, that the police were sent to seize their production facilities. A trial blackout was held on 10 August 1939 and when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September, a blackout began at sunset. Although not encouraged by official policy, the use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency, came close to indiscriminate bombing. [2], The military effectiveness of bombing varied. Tickets were issued for bunks in large shelters, to reduce the amount of time spent queuing. The armour piercing bomb shown was prefixed SD ( Sprengbombe Dickwandig ). All data presented is for entertainment purposes and should not be used operationally. 23 S-Boats ( E-Boats, MTB) ready, 12 under repair. Gring had insisted that such an attack was an impossibility, because of the citys formidable air defense network. The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced, from 75 in 1922, to 150 in 1934, to 644 in 1937. [55] Not only was there evacuation over land, but also by ship. With Britains powerful Royal Navy controlling the surface approaches in the Channel and the North Sea, it fell to the Luftwaffe to establish dominance of the skies above the battle zone. From 1940 to 1941, the most successful night-fighter was the Boulton Paul Defiant; its four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type. However, that was the last time the bomber was used in the War. [68] Contrary to pre-war fears of anti-Semitic violence in the East End, one observer found that the "Cockney and the Jew [worked] together, against the Indian". [134] In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. Both the RAF and Luftwaffe struggled to replace manpower losses, though the Germans had larger reserves of trained aircrew. Later, guided by the raging fires caused by the first attack, a second group of planes began another assault that lasted until 4:30 the following morning. Damage was inflicted on the port installations, but many bombs fell on the city itself. Worst army of ww2 awards ceremony . Both prototypes were probably capable of making the round trip but to do so undetected is probably highly dubious. He recognised the right of the public to seize tube stations and authorised plans to improve their condition and expand them by tunnelling. This caused more than 2,000 fires; 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured, which affected morale badly. This hub of industry and trade represented a legitimate military target for the Germans, and some 25,000 bombs were dropped on the Port of London alone. All of this hardware was to be manned by a crew of ten. An archive recording of an air raid siren sounding the 'all clear' Air raid montage A montage of air-raid sounds, including the air-raid siren, bombing and the 'all-clear'. The Blitz was an intense bombing campaign carried out by Nazi Germany against the United Kingdom during World War II. Junkers Ju-920 was a four-engine long-range transport and heavy bomber used by the Luftwaffe. Around 200 people were killed and another 2,000 injured. Its hope was to destroy its targets and draw the RAF into defending them, allowing the Luftwaffe to destroy their fighters in large numbers, thereby achieving air superiority. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. German intelligence suggested Fighter Command was weakening, and an attack on London would force it into a final battle of annihilation while compelling the British Government to surrender. Fighter Commands efforts were greatly aided by the lack of any consistent plan of action on the part of the Germans. Predictions had underestimated civilian adaptability and resourcefulness. Heinkel He 70 (Blitz) Reconnaissance Bomber / Transport Aircraft. The Third Reich existed from 1933 to 1945, and the Luftwaffe or air force was the aerial branch of the Wehrmacht. [72][73][74], The cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were so large they interfered with rescue work. Each setback caused more civilians to volunteer to become unpaid Local Defence Volunteers. The AFS had 138,000 personnel by July 1939. The government saw the leading role taken by the Communist Party in advocating the building of deep shelters as an attempt to damage civilian morale, especially after the MolotovRibbentrop Pact of August 1939. The British government grew anxious about the delays and disruption of supplies during the month. [65], Public demand caused the government in October 1940 to build new deep shelters within the Underground to hold 80,000 people but the period of heaviest bombing had passed before they were finished. The engines were fitted on an arrangement similar to a high-wing monoplane, and the tail resembled a Split-T. Armament was fitted for a needed mission, and typical loadouts involved 7.92 mm rapid-firing guns, plus 20mm cannons. [193], In one 6-month period, 750,000 tons (762,000t) of bombsite rubble from London were transported by railway on 1,700 freight trains to make runways on Bomber Command airfields in East Anglia. [155], German air supremacy at night was also now under threat. [89][90], In June 1940, a German prisoner of war was overheard boasting that the British would never find the Knickebein, even though it was under their noses. Four days later 230 tons (234t) were dropped including 60,000 incendiaries. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives. By December, this had increased to 92 percent. Attacks from below offered a larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the crew (so less chance of evasion), as well as greater likelihood of detonating its bomb load. Locating targets in skies obscured by industrial haze meant the target area needed to be illuminated and hit "without regard for the civilian population". After the first week of September, although night bombing on a large scale continued, the large mass attacks by day, which had proved so costly to the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain, were replaced by smaller parties coming over in successive waves. In 1943, Hitler was shown a prototype of the Junkers Ju-290 and he was impressed by its potential. During the war, it was heavily involved in the production of bombers and the experimental twin-engine Do 355 fighter. The Luftwaffe had lost more than 600 aircraft, and, although the RAF had lost fewer than half that many, the battle was claiming British fighters and experienced pilots at too great a rate. Birmingham and Coventry were subject to 450 long tons (457t) of bombs between them in the last 10 days of October. [48], In addition to high-explosive and incendiary bombs, the Germans could use poison gas and even bacteriological warfare, all with a high degree of accuracy. Red lamps were used to simulate blast furnaces and locomotive fireboxes. Every Day new 3D Models from all over the World. [128] AA defences improved by better use of radar and searchlights. Used but in original opened packaging. One of every six Londoners was made homeless at some point during the Blitz, and at least 1.1 million houses and flats were damaged or destroyed. Product Information. [160] This raid was significant, as 63 German fighters were sent with the bombers, indicating the growing effectiveness of RAF night fighter defences. [49] The unexpected delay to civilian bombing during the Phoney War meant that the shelter programme finished in June 1940, before the Blitz. The light guns, about half of which were of the excellent Bofors 40 mm, dealt with aircraft only up to 6,000ft (1,800m). German bombers dropped 711 tons of high explosive and 2,393 incendiaries. Support for peace negotiations declined from 29% in February. Workers worked longer shifts and over weekends. Roads and railways were blocked and ships could not leave harbour. Altaya 1/144 Heinkel He 177 Greif WW2 German Bomber Aircraft. [149] The OKL had always regarded the interdiction of sea communications of less importance than bombing land-based aircraft industries. Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly. 51. Were subject to 450 long tons ( 234t ) were dropped including 60,000 incendiaries to to... Using parachute flares and opted for explosive target markers targeted for shutdown were military! Requires login ) the experimental ww2 german bombers used in the blitz do 355 fighter defense network `` pathfinder '' He 111s a blackout. Ground controller 1941 the Germans had larger reserves of trained aircrew cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were large... 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