[80], In the second half of the 20th century, Russian was the most popular foreign language in Cuba. ", " 24 April 1990 ", " "". [230], Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics. [341] Russia has one of the lowest levels of external debt among major economies,[342] although its inequality of household income and wealth is one of the highest among developed countries. [320], Muslims, especially Salafis, have faced persecution in Russia. [228] Climate change in Russia is causing more frequent wildfires,[229] and thawing the country's large expanse of permafrost. [344][345], After over a decade of post-Soviet rapid economic growth, backed by high oil-prices and a surge in foreign exchange reserves and investment,[185] Russia's economy was damaged following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, due to the first wave of Western sanctions being imposed. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin. [citation needed], According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. [571] Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote prose satire,[572] while Nikolai Leskov is best remembered for his shorter fiction. Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. [38] The genetic makeup of speakers of the Uralic language family in northern Europe was shaped by migration from Siberia that began at least 3,500 years ago. [407][408], Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency. [192] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. [citation needed], In Armenia, Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. [44] This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky (18731935), who toward the end of his life wrote: Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. [247][248] Under the administrations of Vladimir Putin, Russia has experienced democratic backsliding,[249][250] and has become an authoritarian state[8] under a dictatorship,[6][251] with Putin's policies being referred to as Putinism. [510] The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays. [16][d] It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. ", Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, "Leninism: What It Was and What It Was Not", "7 kinds of Russian bread you'll want to bite the crust off of", "When it comes to bread, Russians don't loaf", "Spotlight on Smetana: Russia's Sour Cream", "Understanding Russia's obsession with mayonnaise", "From sizzling shashlik to spicy seekh kebabs: barbecue recipes from around the world", "Russian Vinegret salad: Super-easy and super-traditional", "Map: Where the world's biggest vodka drinkers are", Obzor rossiyskogo rynka alkogol'noy produktsii. [616] Russia has the largest video gaming market in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide. BBC. [280] Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the Arctic,[281] Asia-Pacific,[282] Africa,[283] the Middle East,[284] and Latin America. [202][203][204][205][206][207] The Council of Europe also called for an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russian crimes. [142] However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower. [583] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps. [76] In the 18th century, academicians Ivan Argunov, Dmitry Levitzky, Vladimir Borovikovsky became influential. [185] Putin's rule increased stability, while transforming Russia into an authoritarian state. See also Russian language in Israel. [103] The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects.[45]. O'Brien, New EnglishRussian and RussianEnglish Dictionary (New Orthography), New York, The Language Library 1944, Dover Publications. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. Bread, of many varieties,[594] is very popular across Russia. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. This article incorporates text from a free content work. [199], The European Parliament designated Russia as a state sponsor of terrorism and as a state that "uses means of terrorism" in November 2022, citing attacks against civilians, war crimes, and atrocities. [citation needed], In 2010, there were 259.8million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries 93.7million, in Eastern Europe 12.9million, Western Europe 7.3million, Asia 2.7million, Middle East and North Africa 1.3million, Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1million, Latin America 0.2million, U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand 4.1million speakers. ? [562], Russian literature is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed. The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models. The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. [275] Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022. [503] The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration. The only native minimal pair that argues for /k/ being a separate phoneme is ([t tkt] eto tkyot "it weaves") ([tt kot], etot kot "this cat"). [5] Orthodox Christianity, together with Islam, Buddhism, and Paganism (either preserved or revived), are recognised by Russian law as the traditional religions of the country, part of its "historical heritage". [416] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars. [368], Russia is committed to the Paris Agreement, after joining the pact formally in 2019. ", Iliev, Iv. [citation needed] For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. They are the The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the past two centuries, are as follows:[95][96], The history of the Russian language may be divided into the following periods:[97], Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [586] Peter Kropotkin was the most important theorist of anarcho-communism. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. Dialectology within Russia recognizes dozens of smaller-scale variants. The Havana State University has started a bachelor's specialization called the Russian Language and the Second Foreign Language. [199] Putin and Russian-installed leaders signed treaties of accession, internationally unrecognized and widely denounced as illegal, despite the fact that Russian forces have been unable to fully occupy any of the four regions. . [148] After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization, releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labor camps. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization in the 1930s, and later played a decisive role for the Allies of World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. [25] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago. [336], Russia is the world's thirteenth-largest exporter and the 21st-largest importer. A number of encoding conversion applications were developed. [111], On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed the Soviet Union, by joining the Russian SFSR into a single state with the Byelorussian, Transcaucasian, and Ukrainian republics. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in IV kvartal 2020, Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation, "Russian samovars make tea-time distinctive tradition", "The high life: How to get to Ostankino Tower and what to do there", "EISENSTEIN, Sergei - BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN - 1925 Russia", "Sergei Eisenstein: How the "Father of Montage" Reinvented Cinema", "All-Union State Institute of Cinematography", "Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera", "The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry", "How Maria Sharapova Earned $285 Million During Her Tennis Career", "Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988", "Sporting-CSKA Moskva: watch their 2005 final", "How a brilliant Zenit Saint Petersburg lifted the UEFA Cup in 2008", "Euro 2008: Russia v Spain as it happened", "2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017", "FIFA and UEFA suspend Russian national teams and clubs from all competitions "until further notice", "Bandy: A concise history of the extreme sport", "EuroBasket 2007 final: September 16, 2007", "Formula 1 terminates contract with Russian Grand Prix", "Russian mastery in synchronized swimming yields double gold", "Figure skating is on thin ice. [504][505], Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 out of which are cultural; while 27 more sites lie on the tentative list. 44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language. The phoneme /ts/ is generally considered to be always hard; however, loan words such as and some other neologisms contain /ts/ through the word-building processes (e.g. "iconv" is an example that is supported by most versions of Linux, Macintosh and some other operating systems; but converters are rarely needed unless accessing texts created more than a few years ago. Among the best known are violinists David Oistrakh and Gidon Kremer,[550][551] cellist Mstislav Rostropovich,[552] pianists Vladimir Horowitz,[553] Sviatoslav Richter,[554] and Emil Gilels,[555] and vocalist Galina Vishnevskaya. [349] Economists suggest the sanctions will have a long-term effect over the Russian economy. (Ty syel pechnye? [32], The Kurgan hypothesis places the Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and Ukraine as the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. [124] The Soviet Union later invaded Finland,[125] and occupied and annexed the Baltic states,[126] as well as parts of Romania. Source: Energoatom, Ukraine's state company that runs all nuclear power plants in this country Quote: "The Russian invaders in the satellite city [102], An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the Petrograd Soviet, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called Soviets. [623] Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including Chapaev, The Cranes Are Flying, and Ballad of a Soldier. [613], There are 400 news agencies in Russia, among which the largest internationally operating are TASS, RIA Novosti, Sputnik, and Interfax. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. [44] Galicia-Volhynia in the southwest would inherit the territory of Kiev and be absorbed by Lithuania and Poland in the mid-fourteenth century, the Novgorod Republic prospered in the north, and on the northeastern periphery Vladimir-Suzdal established traditions under Mongol vassalage that would form the autocratic Russian state. [507][508] Matryoshka dolls are considered a cultural icon of Russia. [209] It spans the northernmost edge of Eurasia; and has the world's fourth-longest coastline, of over 37,653km (23,396mi). BBC. [94], The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. [404] Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis. [28] It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, and the world's eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers. The country is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, the SCO, BRICS, the APEC, the OSCE, and the WTO; and is the leading member state of the CIS, the CSTO, and the EAEU. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. [citation needed], Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. [329][330], Russia has a mixed economy,[332] with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies [41], According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. 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