Seasons. The dictionary does nonetheless provide the useful description of triple subdivisions of the beat contrasted with duple subdivisions:[97] swing superimposes six subdivisions of the beat over a basic pulse structure or four subdivisions. Private Parts. WebDear valuable customers, Jazz will be increasing the price of its products to maintain its quality of services. WebJazz Lite is designed to suit your pocket where you want to enjoy the freedom of speaking your heart out with friends and family with 30 second charging. Episode 2. 1 which goes over 10 in-depth studies of essential jazz standards. Morton, Jelly Roll (1938: Library of Congress Recording). / The two main categories of Latin jazz are Afro-Cuban jazz and Brazilian jazz. It radically altered the style of American and European stage and social dance in the 20th century. [144] Within the context of jazz, however, harmony is the primary referent, not rhythm. Robert Palmer said of percussive slave music: Usually such music was associated with annual festivals, when the year's crop was harvested and several days were set aside for celebration. [44] The slaves came largely from West Africa and the greater Congo River basin and brought strong musical traditions with them. Even the 1980s music of Miles Davis, although certainly still fusion, adopted a far more accessible and recognizably jazz-oriented approach than his abstract work of the mid-1970s, such as a return to a theme-and-solos approach. According to Schuller, by comparison, the solos by Armstrong's bandmates (including a young Coleman Hawkins), sounded "stiff, stodgy", with "jerky rhythms and a grey undistinguished tone quality". Typically, the band would only play an even-eighth "Latin" feel in the A section of the head and swing throughout all of the solos. [11] In an interview with National Public Radio, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying: "When Broadway picked it up, they called it 'J-A-Z-Z'. I could hear it sometimes. Episode 1. In 1926, Fred Elizalde and His Cambridge Undergraduates began broadcasting on the BBC. To hostile critics, bebop seemed filled with "racing, nervous phrases". With the rise of bebop and the end of the swing era after the war, jazz lost its cachet as pop music. Cuban percussionist Mongo Santamaria first recorded his composition "Afro Blue" in 1959. [9], The use of the word in a musical context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. [58] This was a drumming tradition that was distinct from its Caribbean counterparts, expressing a uniquely African-American sensibility. His jazz concert in the Carnegie Hall in 1938 was the first ever to be played there. It ranges from the combination of live instrumentation with the beats of jazz house (as exemplified by St Germain, Jazzanova, and Fila Brazillia) to more band-based improvised jazz with electronic elements (for example, The Cinematic Orchestra, Kobol and the Norwegian "future jazz" style pioneered by Bugge Wesseltoft, Jaga Jazzist, and Nils Petter Molvr). [32] Trombonist Melba Liston is acknowledged as the first female horn player to work in major bands and to make a real impact on jazz, not only as a musician but also as a respected composer and arranger, particularly through her collaborations with Randy Weston from the late 1950s into the 1990s. Tax) MORE DETAILS. Rs. WebJazz, ili dez (z anglitiny), je pvodn severoamerick hudebn styl, kter vznikl na zatku 20. stolet mezi afroamerickou komunitou na jihu USA, smchnm africkch a evropskch hudebnch styl. Jazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of jazz itself from roots in Black American society and was popularized in ballrooms by the big bands of the swing era (1930s and 40s). [179] This is a very common progression, used in pieces such as Miles Davis' "Tune Up". This movement included musicians such as Valery Ponomarev and Bobby Watson, Dennis Irwin and James Williams. For example, several musicians who had been prominent in the fusion genre during the 1970s began to record acoustic jazz once more, including Chick Corea and Herbie Hancock. "[136], Since bebop was meant to be listened to, not danced to, it could use faster tempos. Although jazz-rock fusion reached the height of its popularity in the 1970s, the use of electronic instruments and rock-derived musical elements in jazz continued in the 1990s and 2000s. Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. In 1919, Kid Ory's Original Creole Jazz Band of musicians from New Orleans began playing in San Francisco and Los Angeles, where in 1922 they became the first black jazz band of New Orleans origin to make recordings. Jazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of jazz itself from roots in Black American society and was popularized in ballrooms by the big bands of the swing era (1930s and 40s). Episode 1. What is Jazz? Classically trained pianist Scott Joplin produced his "Original Rags" in 1898 and, in 1899, had an international hit with "Maple Leaf Rag", a multi-strain ragtime march with four parts that feature recurring themes and a bass line with copious seventh chords. African-based rhythmic patterns such as tresillo and its variants, the habanera rhythm and cinquillo, are heard in the ragtime compositions of Joplin and Turpin. The Black Codes outlawed drumming by slaves, which meant that African drumming traditions were not preserved in North America, unlike in Cuba, Haiti, and elsewhere in the Caribbean. In contrast to Davis' earlier work with hard bop and its complex chord progression and improvisation, Kind of Blue was composed as a series of modal sketches in which the musicians were given scales that defined the parameters of their improvisation and style. The term is now playing Ray Brown - We Wish You A Merry Christmas. In many forms of jazz, a soloist is supported by a rhythm section of one or more chordal instruments (piano, guitar), double bass, and drums. West has countered the often negative perceptions of smooth jazz, stating: I challenge the prevalent marginalization and malignment of smooth jazz in the standard jazz narrative. These included Buddy Bolden and Jelly Roll Morton in addition to those from other communities, such as Lorenzo Tio and Alcide Nunez. Jazz is a musical art form which originated around the beginning of the 20th century in Black communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions. News, information, and musings direct from the Jazz development team. WebThe JAZZ.FM91 Studios are powered by Lawo broadcast technology JAZZ.FM91 live performances are on pianos available at Remenyi House of Music Our site uses cookies to tailor your experience, measure site performance and present relevant donation incentives and advertisements. WebDear valuable customers, Jazz will be increasing the price of its products to maintain its quality of services. Coltrane studied Nicolas Slonimsky's Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns, which contains material that is virtually identical to portions of "Giant Steps". Over time, social strictures regarding racial segregation began to relax in America: white bandleaders began to recruit black musicians and black bandleaders white ones. A contemporary account states that blues could only be heard in jazz in the gut-bucket cabarets, which were generally looked down upon by the Black middle-class. Blast From the Past. Some of the most distinctive improvisers, composers, and bandleaders in jazz have been women. According to Ted Gioia: the very leaders of the avant garde started to signal a retreat from the core principles of free jazz. News, information, and musings direct from the Jazz development team. Armstrong was a master of his hometown style, but by the time he joined Henderson's band, he was already a trailblazer in a new phase of jazz, with its emphasis on arrangements and soloists. 1 which goes over 10 in-depth studies of essential jazz standards. Find articles, product documentation, videos, and more. The use of pentatonic scales in Africa probably goes back thousands of years. [150] Some elements of the genre were simplified from their bebop roots. Armstrong, perhaps more than any other musician, codified the rhythmic technique of swing in jazz and broadened the jazz solo vocabulary. [37], The Jazz Singer with Al Jolson is one example of how Jewish Americans were able to bring jazz, music that African Americans developed, into popular culture. The slashed noteheads indicate the main beats (not bass notes), where one ordinarily taps their foot to "keep time". The Latest from I Am Jazz. WebAll new programs, online everyday. Musicians such as David Murray or Don Pullen may have felt the call of free-form jazz, but they never forgot all the other ways one could play African-American music for fun and profit.[196]. Jeho africk koeny se projevuj hlavn v pouvn blue tn, odpovdaek, improvizace, polyrytm, synkop a tekovanch (houpavch) skupin not. [168][169][170], While bossa nova has been labeled as jazz by music critics, namely those from outside of Brazil, it has been rejected by many prominent bossa nova musicians such as Jobim, who once said "Bossa nova is not Brazilian jazz."[171][172]. The following example shows the original ostinato "Afro Blue" bass line. [13], Jazz is difficult to define because it encompasses a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years, from ragtime to rock-infused fusion. Tax) MORE DETAILS. Other innovators in this style include Jackie McLean,[160] and two of the musicians who had also played on Kind of Blue: John Coltrane and Bill Evans. Jan 18, 2023 - 6:00 am. A subdued response to Bebop. Another feature is the shift of emphasis from improvisation to composition: arrangements, melody and overall writing became important. On the contrary, ideologically, bebop was a strong statement of rejection of any kind of eclecticism, propelled by a desire to activate something deeply buried in self. Since the 1960s, creative centers of jazz in Europe have developed, such as the creative jazz scene in Amsterdam. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the hybrid form of jazz-rock fusion was developed by combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments and the highly amplified stage sound of rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix and Frank Zappa. It is in this spirit that we invite you to connect with the global jazz community through our performances, digital programming, and more. Cocktail Jazz. I had to keep going and ended up writing a sixteen-bar bridge. My 234-lb Life. [154], Hard bop was prevalent within jazz for about a decade spanning from 1955 to 1965,[153] but has remained highly influential on mainstream[151] or "straight-ahead" jazz. [199], Acid jazz developed in the UK in the 1980s and 1990s, influenced by jazz-funk and electronic dance music. A more precise term might be Afro-Latin jazz, as the jazz subgenre typically employs rhythms that either have a direct analog in Africa or exhibit an African rhythmic influence beyond what is ordinarily heard in other jazz. [29] Many bands included both black and white musicians. WebApril 10, 2021. [56] "By and large the simpler African rhythmic patterns survived in jazz because they could be adapted more readily to European rhythmic conceptions," jazz historian Gunther Schuller observed. Throughout the piece, the four beats, whether sounded or not, are maintained as the temporal referent. The album featured a softer sound than would be the case in later years (predominantly using acoustic bass with Shorter exclusively playing soprano saxophone, and with no synthesizers involved), but is still considered a classic of early fusion. Davis, Miles & Troupe, Quincy (1990). Secular jazz musicians often performed renditions of spirituals and hymns as part of their repertoire or isolated compositions such as "Come Sunday", part of "Black and Beige Suite" by Duke Ellington. Coffee Jazz. Take your career to new heights with Jazz! [133] Older musicians who still performed their pre-war jazz, such as Armstrong and Ellington, were gradually viewed in the mainstream as pass. Map showing distribution of harmony in Africa. Composers: The Beatles. We believe in the power of jazz to uplift, inspire, and create a sense of community. Most prominent in initiating the sacred jazz movement were pianist and composer Mary Lou Williams, known for her jazz masses in the 1950s and Duke Ellington. Tariff of Weekly Extreme will be revised from Rs.109(Inc.Tax) to Rs.130(Inc.Tax) with 50GB(12AM - 9AM) from 20-Jan-23 Tariff of Work From Home will be revised from Rs.132(Inc.Tax) to Rs.135(Inc.Tax) with 12 GB & Unlimited on-net (8am-6pm) It was spelled 'J-A-S-S'. Ed. now playing Aaron Bing - Away In A Manger. It is in this spirit that we invite you to connect with the global jazz community through our performances, digital programming, and more. April 10, 2021. Handy wrote about his adopting of the blues: The primitive southern Negro, as he sang, was sure to bear down on the third and seventh tone of the scale, slurring between major and minor. Inside the Episodes. "[134] The end of the war marked "a revival of the spirit of experimentation and musical pluralism under which it had been conceived", along with "the beginning of a decline in the popularity of jazz music in America", according to American academic Michael H. WebCheck the Utah Jazz schedule for game times and opponents for the season, as well as where to watch or radio broadcast the games on NBA.com The publication of his "Memphis Blues" sheet music in 1912 introduced the 12-bar blues to the world (although Gunther Schuller argues that it is not really a blues, but "more like a cakewalk"). Jazz-funk also draws influences from traditional African music, Afro-Cuban rhythms and Jamaican reggae, notably Kingston bandleader Sonny Bradshaw. Although Betty Carter, Ella Fitzgerald, Adelaide Hall, Billie Holiday, Peggy Lee, Abbey Lincoln, Anita O'Day, Dinah Washington, and Ethel Waters were recognized for their vocal talent, less familiar were bandleaders, composers, and instrumentalists such as pianist Lil Hardin Armstrong, trumpeter Valaida Snow, and songwriters Irene Higginbotham and Dorothy Fields. Jazz music is a broad style of music characterized by complex harmony, syncopated rhythms, and a heavy emphasis on improvisation. Since the 1990s Keith Jarrett has defended free jazz from criticism. Davis, Miles, with Quincy Troupe (1989: 298). Rapper Guru's Jazzmatazz series began in 1993 using jazz musicians during the studio recordings. Miles: The Autobiography. '", Borneman, Ernest (1969: 104). [24] By avoiding the creation of norms, jazz allows avant-garde styles to emerge. While Coltrane used over-blowing frequently as an emotional exclamation-point, Sanders would opt to overblow his entire solo, resulting in a constant screaming and screeching in the altissimo range of the instrument. Webjazz dance, any dance to jazz accompaniments, composed of a profusion of forms. [39], Jazz originated in the late-19th to early-20th century. [220][221], Audio playback is not supported in your browser. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major form of musical expression in traditional and popular music.Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, complex [25] Amiri Baraka argues that there is a "white jazz" genre that expresses whiteness. Bix Beiderbecke formed The Wolverines in 1924. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, complex chords, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation. 1.70 / 30Sec (Incl. Listen for free and enjoy countless hours of the best jazz music around. [201] In New York, No Wave took direct inspiration from both free jazz and punk. [76], Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre,[77] which originated in African-American communities of primarily the Deep South of the United States at the end of the 19th century from their spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants and rhymed simple narrative ballads.[78]. There were two types of musicians involved in the revival: the first group was made up of those who had begun their careers playing in the traditional style and were returning to it (or continuing what they had been playing all along), such as Bob Crosby's Bobcats, Max Kaminsky, Eddie Condon, and Wild Bill Davison. In New Orleans, slaves could practice elements of their culture such as voodoo and playing drums. He signed a contract with Victor and became the top bandleader of the 1920s, giving hot jazz a white component, hiring white musicians such as Bix Beiderbecke, Jimmy Dorsey, Tommy Dorsey, Frankie Trumbauer, and Joe Venuti. Around 1912, when the four-string banjo and saxophone came in, musicians began to improvise the melody line, but the harmony and rhythm remained unchanged. Option #2: Start studying jazz standards. Blog. Episode 4. Cool jazz developed near the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, linear melodic lines.[8]. Gillespie's collaboration with Pozo brought specific African-based rhythms into bebop. Coffee Jazz. Composed of two side-long suites edited heavily by producer Teo Macero, this quiet, static album would be equally influential to the development of ambient music. Other younger performers, such as singer Big Joe Turner and saxophonist Louis Jordan, who were discouraged by bebop's increasing complexity, pursued more lucrative endeavors in rhythm and blues, jump blues, and eventually rock and roll. now playing Red Garland - Please Send Me Someone to Love. Superimposing the pentatonic scale over "Giant Steps" is not merely a matter of harmonic simplification, but also a sort of "Africanizing" of the piece, which provides an alternate approach for soloing. In the early 1980s, a commercial form of jazz fusion called "pop fusion" or "smooth jazz" became successful, garnering significant radio airplay in "quiet storm" time slots at radio stations in urban markets across the U.S. No recordings by him exist. The music evolved from what went before. WebJazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Two contributors to In a Silent Way also joined organist Larry Young to create one of the early acclaimed fusion albums: Emergency! (Part Three) Jazz.com | Jazz Music Jazz Artists Jazz News". Tresillo (shown below) is the most basic and most prevalent duple-pulse rhythmic cell in sub-Saharan African music traditions and the music of the African Diaspora. In the studio, he all but abandoned his soprano to concentrate on the tenor saxophone. Black musicians were able to provide entertainment in dances, minstrel shows, and in vaudeville, during which time many marching bands were formed. Richard S. Ginell of AllMusic considers Roy Ayers "one of the prophets of acid jazz".[200]. News, information, and musings direct from the Jazz development team. Examples of this style include Lydia Lunch's Queen of Siam,[202] Gray, the work of James Chance and the Contortions (who mixed Soul with free jazz and punk)[202] and the Lounge Lizards[202] (the first group to call themselves "punk jazz"). Tariff of Weekly Extreme will be revised from Rs.109(Inc.Tax) to Rs.130(Inc.Tax) with 50GB(12AM - 9AM) from 20-Jan-23 Tariff of Work From Home will be revised from Rs.132(Inc.Tax) to Rs.135(Inc.Tax) with 12 GB & Unlimited on-net (8am-6pm) from 20-Jan-23 According to Bruce Johnson, there has always been a "tension between jazz as a commercial music and an art form". When the 2023 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival lineup first drops, its all about the macro: the big picture roster of the big names. Holiday Jazz. In that same year, saxophonist Kamasi Washington released his nearly three-hour long debut, The Epic. [27] The Original Dixieland Jazz Band, whose members were white, were the first jazz group to record, and Bix Beiderbecke was one of the most prominent jazz soloists of the 1920s. Cool Jazz. They were playing all the flatted fifth chords and all the modern harmonies and substitutions and Dizzy Gillespie runs in the trumpet section work. It has been described as "funky" and can be considered a relative of soul jazz. Women began playing instruments in jazz in the early 1920s, drawing particular recognition on piano. There are quite a few [accounts] from the southeastern states and Louisiana dating from the period 18201850. Small bands contained a combination of self-taught and formally educated musicians, many from the funeral procession tradition. With a commitment to safety and being a consecutive top employer for young people and diversity, you can trust that youre in good hands. In 1969, Davis fully embraced the electric instrument approach to jazz with In a Silent Way, which can be considered his first fusion album. [49], Another influence came from the harmonic style of hymns of the church, which black slaves had learned and incorporated into their own music as spirituals. The young Jazz Messengers' contemporaries, including Roy Hargrove, Marcus Roberts, Wallace Roney and Mark Whitfield were also influenced by Wynton Marsalis's emphasis toward jazz tradition. Count your transactions in 8, for Jazz gifts you with a free ticket on your eighth transaction with your BLINK! He incorporated parallel fourths, with McCoy Tyner-type vamps. "Footprints" is not, however, a Latin jazz tune: African rhythmic structures are accessed directly by Ron Carter (bass) and Tony Williams (drums) via the rhythmic sensibilities of swing. The concert was described by Bruce Eder as "the single most important jazz or popular music concert in history". [21] In avant-garde and free jazz, the separation of soloist and band is reduced, and there is license, or even a requirement, for the abandoning of chords, scales, and meters. Boggs, Vernon W. (1992: 297298). The swing-era jazz of the previous decade had challenged other popular music as being representative of the nation's culture, with big bands reaching the height of the style's success by the early 1940s; swing acts and big bands traveled with U.S. military overseas to Europe, where it also became popular. One of the most effective ways to learn how to improvise and learn more about jazz theory is to simply study jazz standards. Claude Debussy did have some influence on jazz, for example, on Bix Beiderbecke's piano playing. [174], McCoy Tyner perfected the use of the pentatonic scale in his solos,[175] and also used parallel fifths and fourths, which are common harmonies in West Africa. The music of New Orleans had a profound effect on the creation of early jazz. Abandoning the conventions of swing, he experimented with orchestral sounds, harmony, and musical form with complex compositions that still translated well for popular audiences; some of his tunes became hits, and his own popularity spanned from the United States to Europe. "[135], Dizzy Gillespie wrote: "People talk about the Hines band being 'the incubator of bop' and the leading exponents of that music ended up in the Hines band. Morton loosened ragtime's rigid rhythmic feeling, decreasing its embellishments and employing a swing feeling. According to Mario Dunkel, Whiteman's success was based on a "rhetoric of domestication" according to which he had elevated and rendered valuable (read "white") a previously inchoate (read "black") kind of music. They include: ABS with EBD; Dual Front SRS Airbags (Driver and Passenger) Rear Parking Camera; ACE TM Body Structure; Driver Side Window One Touch up/down with Pinch Guard; Immobilizer Anti-Theft System/Impact Mitigating Headrests; Rear Parking Sensors Previously, a solo was meant to fit into a given chord progression, but with modal jazz, the soloist creates a melody using one (or a small number of) modes. How Jazz Got Her Groove Back. I Am Jazz + The JED Foundation. The modal theory stems from a work by George Russell. Jazz arrangements with a Latin A section and a swung B section, with all choruses swung during solos, became common practice with many Latin tunes of the jazz standard repertoire. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, such as European music history or African music. Jazz artists' take on John, Paul, George and Ringo. [46], An 1885 account says that they were making strange music (Creole) on an equally strange variety of 'instruments'washboards, washtubs, jugs, boxes beaten with sticks or bones and a drum made by stretching skin over a flour-barrel.[4][47]. African-based rhythmic patterns were retained in the United States in large part through "body rhythms" such as stomping, clapping, and patting juba dancing. New Orleans jazz, performers took turns playing melodies and improvising countermelodies. Rs. But people also have the erroneous impression that the music was new. Carlene Denise Moore-Begnaud (born August 27, 1972) [1] is an American professional wrestler and manager, better known by her ring name Jazz. Jazz, ili dez (z anglitiny), je pvodn severoamerick hudebn styl, kter vznikl na zatku 20. stolet mezi afroamerickou komunitou na jihu USA, smchnm africkch a evropskch hudebnch styl. [61] From the perspective of African-American music, the "habanera rhythm" (also known as "congo"),[61] "tango-congo",[62] or tango. As a pilot or flight attendant, youll have the opportunity to see amazing and unique places across North America. As only a limited number of American jazz records were released in Europe, European jazz traces many of its roots to American artists such as James Reese Europe, Paul Whiteman, and Lonnie Johnson, who visited Europe during and after World War I. Beginning in the 1950s, many women jazz instrumentalists were prominent, some sustaining long careers. Jan 18, 2023 - 6:00 am. In the mid-1800s the white New Orleans composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk adapted slave rhythms and melodies from Cuba and other Caribbean islands into piano salon music. [16] Krin Gibbard argued that "jazz is a construct" which designates "a number of musics with enough in common to be understood as part of a coherent tradition". Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. British writer Stuart Nicholson has argued European contemporary jazz has an identity different from American jazz and follows a different trajectory.[162]. In June 1965, Coltrane and 10 other musicians recorded Ascension, a 40-minute-long piece without breaks that included adventurous solos by young avant-garde musicians as well as Coltrane, and was controversial primarily for the collective improvisation sections that separated the solos. WebAll new programs, online everyday. Black musicians in New Orleans, Louisiana developed the jazz style in the early twentieth century. In the 1990s, most M-Base participants turned to more conventional music, but Coleman, the most active participant, continued developing his music in accordance with the M-Base concept. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock music's rhythms, electric instruments, and highly amplified stage sound. Critic Aaron J. Library. A number of players from largely straight-ahead or post-bop backgrounds have emerged since the 1990s, including pianists Jason Moran and Vijay Iyer, guitarist Kurt Rosenwinkel, vibraphonist Stefon Harris, trumpeters Roy Hargrove and Terence Blanchard, saxophonists Chris Potter and Joshua Redman, clarinetist Ken Peplowski and bassist Christian McBride. [187] In 2013, Versace put forth bassist Ike Sturm and New York composer Deanna Witkowski as contemporary exemplars of sacred and liturgical jazz.[184]. Gillespie and Pozo's brief collaboration produced some of the most enduring Afro-Cuban jazz standards. [109], In the northeastern United States, a "hot" style of playing ragtime had developed, notably James Reese Europe's symphonic Clef Club orchestra in New York City, which played a benefit concert at Carnegie Hall in 1912. [181] The harmonic complexity of "Giant Steps" is on the level of the most advanced 20th-century art music. The Latest from I Am Jazz. The album heavily featured prominent contemporary jazz artists such as Thundercat[217] and redefined jazz rap with a larger focus on improvisation and live soloing rather than simply sampling. Following the work of drummer Han Bennink and pianist Misha Mengelberg, musicians started to explore by improvising collectively until a form (melody, rhythm, a famous song) is found Jazz critic Kevin Whitehead documented the free jazz scene in Amsterdam and some of its main exponents such as the ICP (Instant Composers Pool) orchestra in his book New Dutch Swing. 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